# Llama 3.1 Swallow Llama 3.1 Swallow is a series of large language models (8B, 70B) that were built by continual pre-training on the [Meta Llama 3.1](https://huggingface.co/collections/meta-llama/llama-31-669fc079a0c406a149a5738f) models. Llama 3.1 Swallow enhanced the Japanese language capabilities of the original Llama 3.1 while retaining the English language capabilities. We use approximately 200 billion tokens that were sampled from a large Japanese web corpus (Swallow Corpus Version 2), Japanese and English Wikipedia articles, and mathematical and coding contents, etc (see the Training Datasets section) for continual pre-training. The instruction-tuned models (Instruct) were built by supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on the synthetic data specially built for Japanese. See the Swallow Model Index section to find other model variants. # Release History - **October 08, 2024**: Released [Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-v0.1), [Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1), [Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-v0.1), and [Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1). ## Swallow Model Index |Model|Llama-3.1-Swallow|Llama-3.1-Swallow-Instruct| |---|---|---| |8B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-v0.1) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1) | |70B| [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-v0.1) | [Link](https://huggingface.co/tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1) | The website [https://swallow-llm.github.io/](https://swallow-llm.github.io/) provides large language models developed by the Swallow team. ## Third-Party Community Consideration This model is not owned or developed by NVIDIA. This model has been developed and built to a third-party’s requirements for this application and use case; see link to [Non-NVIDIA Model Card](https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md). ## License and Terms of Use **GOVERNING TERMS**: This trial service is governed by the [NVIDIA API Trial Terms of Service](https://assets.ngc.nvidia.com/products/api-catalog/legal/NVIDIA%20API%20Trial%20Terms%20of%20Service.pdf). Use of this model is governed by the [Llama 3.1 Community License Agreement](https://www.llama.com/llama3_1/license/) and the [Gemma Terms of Use](https://ai.google.dev/gemma/terms). Built with Llama. ## Model Details * **Model type**: Please refer to [Llama 3.1 MODEL_CARD](https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3_1/MODEL_CARD.md) for details on the model architecture. * **Language(s)**: Japanese English * **Library**: [Megatron-LM](https://github.com/NVIDIA/Megatron-LM) * **Tokenizer**: Please refer to [Llama 3.1 blog](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1) for details on the tokenizer. * **Contact**: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp ## Model Architecture: **Architecture Type:** Transformer
## Input: **Input Type(s):** Text
**Input Format(s):** String
**Input Parameters:** One Dimensional (1D)
## Output: **Output Type(s):** Text
**Output Format:** String
**Output Parameters:** 1D
**Supported Hardware Microarchitecture Compatibility:**
* NVIDIA Ampere
* NVIDIA Hopper
* NVIDIA Lovelace
## Model Performance ### Japanese tasks |Model|JCom.|JEMHopQA|NIILC|JSQuAD|XL-Sum|MGSM|WMT20-en-ja|WMT20-ja-en|JMMLU|JHumanEval|Ja Avg| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | |4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|1-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|5-shot|0-shot| | | |EM acc|Char-F1|Char-F1|Char-F1|ROUGE-2|EM acc|BLEU|BLEU|EM acc|pass@1| | | RakutenAI-7B-chat | 0.9035 | 0.2600 | 0.4619 | 0.8647 | 0.1339 | 0.2120 | 0.2667 | 0.1966 | 0.4504 | 0.2299 | 0.3980 | | Qwen2-7B-Instruct | 0.8856 | 0.3902 | 0.3859 | 0.8967 | 0.1277 | 0.5720 | 0.2041 | 0.1909 | 0.5713 | **0.5683** | 0.4793 | | Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct | 0.9151 | 0.4293 | 0.3910 | 0.8908 | 0.1676 | **0.6240** | 0.2108 | 0.1916 | **0.6252** | 0.5305 | 0.4976 | | Tanuki-8B-dpo-v1.0 | 0.2770 | 0.2937 | 0.3710 | 0.6669 | 0.1016 | 0.4280 | 0.2385 | 0.1820 | 0.3078 | 0.2555 | 0.3122 | | Llama 3 8B Instruct | 0.8785 | 0.3812 | 0.3936 | 0.8955 | 0.1273 | 0.4160 | 0.2143 | 0.2035 | 0.4719 | 0.2872 | 0.4269 | | Llama 3.1 8B Instruct | 0.8829 | 0.4272 | 0.4112 | 0.8856 | 0.1481 | 0.5280 | 0.2174 | 0.1990 | 0.5086 | 0.4976 | 0.4706 | | Llama 3 Youko 8B Instruct | 0.9196 | 0.4850 | 0.5178 | 0.9001 | 0.2085 | 0.4680 | 0.2559 | 0.1906 | 0.4691 | 0.2695 | 0.4684 | | Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B | 0.9017 | 0.5124 | 0.5016 | 0.9113 | 0.1677 | 0.4600 | 0.2509 | 0.1846 | 0.4829 | 0.3811 | 0.4754 | | Llama 3 heron brain 8B v0.3 | 0.9231 | 0.4933 | 0.5694 | 0.9056 | **0.2178** | 0.4560 | 0.2771 | 0.2168 | 0.4993 | 0.3177 | 0.4876 | | Llama 3 Swallow 8B Instruct | 0.9178 | 0.4963 | 0.5168 | 0.9088 | 0.1296 | 0.4880 | 0.2522 | 0.2254 | 0.4835 | 0.3927 | 0.4811 | | Llama 3.1 Swallow 8B Instruct | **0.9240** | **0.5874** | **0.5736** | **0.9170** | 0.1380 | 0.5080 | **0.2820** | **0.2282** | 0.5301 | 0.3665 | **0.5055** | ### English tasks |Model|OpenBookQA|TriviaQA|HellaSWAG|SQuAD2.0|XWINO|MMLU|GSM8K|BBH|HumanEval|En Avg| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | |4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|4-shot|5-shot|4-shot|3-shot|0-shot| | | |Acc|EM acc|Acc|EM acc|Acc|Acc|EM acc|CoT EM Acc|pass@1| | | RakutenAI-7B-chat | 0.4160 | 0.5971 | **0.6465** | 0.3091 | 0.8886 | 0.5757 | 0.3139 | 0.4958 | 0.2671 | 0.5011 | | Qwen2-7B-Instruct | 0.4000 | 0.5468 | 0.6146 | 0.3518 | 0.8852 | 0.7073 | 0.6300 | 0.3101 | 0.6354 | 0.5646 | | Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct | **0.4280** | 0.5187 | 0.6240 | 0.2626 | 0.8761 | **0.7419** | 0.7415 | 0.2150 | **0.6360** | 0.5604 | | Tanuki-8B-dpo-v1.0 | 0.3340 | 0.2838 | 0.4696 | 0.2395 | 0.8168 | 0.3772 | 0.4867 | 0.3350 | 0.2805 | 0.4026 | | Llama 3 8B Instruct | 0.3880 | 0.6687 | 0.5834 | 0.3743 | 0.8903 | 0.6567 | **0.7453** | 0.6478 | 0.5415 | 0.6107 | | Llama 3.1 8B Instruct | 0.3700 | **0.6994** | 0.5920 | **0.3783** | **0.9037** | 0.6809 | 0.7430 | **0.6928** | 0.6293 | **0.6321** | | Llama 3 Youko 8B Instruct | 0.4080 | 0.6129 | 0.5983 | 0.3370 | 0.8981 | 0.5964 | 0.5618 | 0.4012 | 0.2750 | 0.5209 | | Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B | 0.3200 | 0.5502 | 0.5224 | 0.3631 | 0.8809 | 0.5875 | 0.5701 | 0.3213 | 0.4604 | 0.5084 | | Llama 3 heron brain 8B v0.3 | 0.3580 | 0.6563 | 0.5686 | 0.3726 | 0.9002 | 0.6213 | 0.5777 | 0.6409 | 0.3720 | 0.5631 | | Llama 3 Swallow 8B Instruct | 0.3720 | 0.6557 | 0.5861 | 0.3648 | 0.9002 | 0.6315 | 0.5959 | 0.6391 | 0.4238 | 0.5743 | | Llama 3.1 Swallow 8B Instruct | 0.3900 | 0.6488 | 0.6151 | 0.3553 | 0.8912 | 0.6237 | 0.6050 | 0.6417 | 0.3787 | 0.5722 | ## MT-Bench JA |Model|coding|extraction|humanities|math|reasoning|roleplay|stem|writing|JMTAvg| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | RakutenAI-7B-chat | 0.2475 | 0.3522 | 0.4692 | 0.2140 | 0.3926 | 0.4427 | 0.3977 | 0.4434 | 0.3699 | | Qwen2-7B-Instruct | 0.4635 | 0.6909 | 0.6857 | **0.5970** | 0.5042 | 0.6667 | 0.5353 | 0.6808 | 0.6030 | | Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct | **0.5111** | 0.7489 | 0.6913 | 0.5742 | 0.4851 | **0.6810** | 0.5350 | 0.6810 | **0.6134** | | Tanuki-8B-dpo-v1.0 | 0.3019 | 0.4772 | 0.5658 | 0.4129 | 0.3590 | 0.5120 | 0.4770 | 0.6159 | 0.4652 | | Llama 3 8B Instruct | 0.3744 | 0.6876 | 0.6225 | 0.2070 | 0.5032 | 0.5248 | 0.5326 | 0.4884 | 0.4926 | | Llama 3.1 8B Instruct | 0.3234 | 0.7362 | 0.4973 | 0.4787 | 0.3210 | 0.4670 | 0.4656 | 0.4314 | 0.4651 | | Llama 3 Youko 8B Instruct | 0.2950 | 0.7332 | **0.7125** | 0.2533 | 0.4987 | 0.6514 | **0.5438** | **0.7091** | 0.5496 | | Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B | 0.2908 | 0.6421 | 0.6406 | 0.3088 | **0.5500** | 0.6740 | 0.5251 | 0.6744 | 0.5382 | | Llama 3 heron brain 8B v0.3 | 0.2929 | 0.5635 | 0.6241 | 0.2135 | 0.4582 | 0.5354 | 0.5273 | 0.5099 | 0.4656 | | Llama 3 Swallow 8B Instruct | 0.3547 | 0.6508 | 0.5371 | 0.2718 | 0.4007 | 0.5493 | 0.4752 | 0.5730 | 0.4766 | | Llama 3.1 Swallow 8B Instruct | 0.3132 | **0.7734** | 0.6645 | 0.3880 | 0.5230 | 0.5711 | 0.4953 | 0.5330 | 0.5327 | ## Evaluation Benchmarks ### Japanese evaluation benchmarks We used llm-jp-eval(v1.3.0), JP Language Model Evaluation Harness(commit #9b42d41) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows: - Multiple-choice question answering (JCommonsenseQA [Kurihara et al., 2022]) - Open-ended question answering (JEMHopQA [Ishii et al., 2024]) - Open-ended question answering (NIILC [関根, 2003]) - Machine reading comprehension (JSQuAD [Kurihara et al., 2022]) - Automatic summarization (XL-Sum [Hasan et al., 2021]) - Machine translation (WMT2020 ja-en [Barrault et al., 2020]) - Machine translation (WMT2020 en-ja [Barrault et al., 2020]) - Mathematical reasoning (MGSM [Shi et al., 2023]) - Academic exams (JMMLU [尹ら, 2024]) - Code generation (JHumanEval [佐藤ら, 2024]) ### English evaluation benchmarks We used the Language Model Evaluation Harness(v.0.4.2) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows: - Multiple-choice question answering (OpenBookQA [Mihaylov et al., 2018]) - Open-ended question answering (TriviaQA [Joshi et al., 2017]) - Machine reading comprehension (SQuAD2 [Rajpurkar et al., 2018]) - Commonsense reasoning (XWINO [Tikhonov and Ryabinin, 2021]) - Natural language inference (HellaSwag [Zellers et al., 2019]) - Mathematical reasoning (GSM8K [Cobbe et al., 2021]) - Reasoning (BBH (BIG-Bench-Hard) [Suzgun et al., 2023]) - Academic exams (MMLU [Hendrycks et al., 2021]) - Code generation (HumanEval [Chen et al., 2021]) ### MT-Bench JA We used [Japanese MT-Bench](https://wandb.ai/wandb-japan/llm-leaderboard/artifacts/dataset/mtbench_ja_question) to assess the instruction-following capabilities of models. We utilized the following settings: - Implemantation: FastChat [Zheng+, 2023] (commit #e86e70d0) - Question: [Nejumi LLM-Leaderboard NEO, mtbench_ja_question_v3](https://wandb.ai/wandb-japan/llm-leaderboard/artifacts/dataset/mtbench_ja_question/v3) - Reference Answer: [Nejumi LLM-Leaderboard NEO, mtbench_ja_referenceanswer_v1](https://wandb.ai/wandb-japan/llm-leaderboard/artifacts/dataset/mtbench_ja_referenceanswer/v1) - Prompt for Judge: [Nejumi LLM-Lederboard NEO, mtbench_ja_prompt_v1](https://wandb.ai/wandb-japan/llm-leaderboard/artifacts/dataset/mtbench_ja_prompt/v1) - Judge: `gpt-4-1106-preview` - Scoring: Absolute scale normalized to a 0-1 range, averaged over five runs. ## Inference: **Engine:** TensorRT-LLM
**Test Hardware:**
* NVIDIA H100x4
## Ethical Considerations: NVIDIA believes Trustworthy AI is a shared responsibility and we have established policies and practices to enable development for a wide array of AI applications. When downloaded or used in accordance with our terms of service, developers should work with their internal model team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case and addresses unforeseen product misuse. Please report security vulnerabilities or NVIDIA AI Concerns [here](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/support/submit-security-vulnerability/). ## Usage ```sh pip install vllm ``` ```python from transformers import AutoTokenizer from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Llama-3.1-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1" tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name) llm = LLM( model=model_name, tensor_parallel_size=1, ) sampling_params = SamplingParams( temperature=0.6, top_p=0.9, max_tokens=512, stop="<|eot_id|>" ) message = [ {"role": "system", "content": "あなたは誠実で優秀な日本人のアシスタントです。"}, { "role": "user", "content": "東京の紅葉した公園で、東京タワーと高層ビルを背景に、空を舞うツバメと草地に佇むラマが出会う温かな物語を書いてください。", }, ] prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template( message, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True ) output = llm.generate(prompt, sampling_params) print(output[0].outputs[0].text) ``` ## Training Datasets ### Instruction Tuning The following instruction datasets were used for the instruction tuning. - Japanese - `lmsys-chat-1m-synth-ja-wo-pii-and-template-instructions` - Single-turn Japanese synthetic instruction dataset derived from [lmsys-chat-1m](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m) dataset [\[Zhang+, ICLR24\]](https://openreview.net/forum?id=BOfDKxfwt0)). The first-turn user instructions were translated into Japanese via DeepL machine translation, and the assistant responses were generated using the [Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct) model. Rejection sampling (n=6) was applied, with [Llama-3.1-70B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-70B-Instruct) serving as a judge. - As implied by the dataset name, conversations that contain personally identifiable information (PII) or template-based user instructions have been removed. Duplicate instuctions have also been removed. - `filtered-magpie-ultra-ja` - A Japanese variant of the `filtered-magpie-ultra-en` dataset, machine-translated into Japanese using the [gemma-2-27b-it](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2-27b-it). - `gemma-magpie` - A Japanese synthetic Q&A dataset from scratch, generated using [gemma-2-27b-it](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-2-27b-it). User instructions were created with prompts specific to each topic, and the assistant responses were generated for these instructions. The conversations were then heuristically filtered for quality and length. - English - `lmsys-chat-1m-synth-en-wo-pii-and-template-instructions` - Similar to the `lmsys-chat-1m-synth-ja-wo-pii-and-template-instructions`, but this version uses the original English user instructions. The assistant responses were generated in English as well. Rejection sampling was not applied in this version. - `filtered-magpie-ultra-en` - A subset of the [magpie-ultra](https://huggingface.co/datasets/argilla/magpie-ultra-v0.1) dataset, developed following the MAGPIE recipe [\[Xu+, arXiv24\]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.08464) using [Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct). This subset includes only samples rated as 'average,' 'good,' or 'excellent.' ## Risks and Limitations The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations. ## Acknowledgements We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 3.1 under a generous open license. We received various supports including: + AIST project: “Research and Development of Foundation Models for Generative AI in the Physical Domain” + NEDO project: “Development of Artificial Intelligence Application Technology to Support Judgment in Design Risk Assessment Work Based on the Perspective of Skilled Persons" (JPNP18002) of “Development of Integration Technology as the Core of Next Generation Artificial Intelligence and Robotics” + MEXT project: "Formation of R&D center to ensure transparency and reliability of generative AI models" + AIST program: [Large Generative AI Development Support Program](https://abci.ai/en/link/lfm_support_program.html) ## Authors Here are the team members: - From [Tokyo Institute of Technology Okazaki Laboratory](https://www.nlp.c.titech.ac.jp/index.en.html), the following members: - [Naoaki Okazaki](https://www.chokkan.org/index.ja.html) - [Sakae Mizuki](https://s-mizuki-nlp.github.io/) - [Youmi Ma](https://www.nlp.c.titech.ac.jp/member/youmi.en.html) - [Koki Maeda](https://sites.google.com/view/silviase) - [Kakeru Hattori](https://aya-se.vercel.app/) - [Masanari Ohi](https://sites.google.com/view/masanariohi) - [Taihei Shiotani](https://github.com/inatoihs) - [Koshiro Saito](https://sites.google.com/view/koshiro-saito) - From [Tokyo Institute of Technology YOKOTA Laboratory](https://www.rio.gsic.titech.ac.jp/en/index.html), the following members: - [Rio Yokota](https://twitter.com/rioyokota) - [Kazuki Fujii](https://twitter.com/okoge_kaz) - [Taishi Nakamura](https://twitter.com/Setuna7777_2) - [Takumi Okamoto](https://www.linkedin.com/in/takumi-okamoto) - [Ishida Shigeki](https://www.wantedly.com/id/reborn27) - From [Artificial Intelligence Research Center, AIST, Japan](https://www.airc.aist.go.jp/en/teams/), the following members: - [Hiroya Takamura](https://sites.google.com/view/hjtakamura) ## How to cite If you find our work helpful, please feel free to cite us. ``` @inproceedings{Fujii:COLM2024, title={Continual Pre-Training for Cross-Lingual LLM Adaptation: Enhancing Japanese Language Capabilities}, author={Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay Loem and Hiroki Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Sakae Mizuki and Rio Yokota and Naoaki Okazaki}, booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling", series={COLM}, pages="(to appear)", year="2024", month=oct, address={University of Pennsylvania, USA}, } @inproceedings{Okazaki:COLM2024, title={Building a Large Japanese Web Corpus for Large Language Models}, author={Naoaki Okazaki and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Hiroki Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay Loem and Rio Yokota and Sakae Mizuki}, booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling", series={COLM}, pages="(to appear)", year="2024", month=oct, address={University of Pennsylvania, USA}, } ``` ### References ```tex @misc{dubey2024llama3herdmodels, title={The Llama 3 Herd of Models}, author={Abhimanyu Dubey and Abhinav Jauhri and Abhinav Pandey and Abhishek Kadian and Ahmad Al-Dahle and Aiesha Letman and Akhil Mathur and Alan Schelten and Amy Yang and Angela Fan et al.}, year={2024}, eprint={2407.21783}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.AI}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783}, } ```